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FINANCING SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

Sources of Information

A BusinessBrief

Compiled by

Angela Wilson Carolyn Larson Shari Jacobson

Humanities and Social Sciences Division Library of Congress Washington, 1994 _________________________________________________________________

FINANCING SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES:

SOURCES OF INFORMATION A BusinessBrief

Contents

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE OF THIS GUIDE

Library of Congress SUBJECT HEADINGS

SECTIONS ON Financing CONTAINED IN GENERAL GUIDES TO STARTING A SMALL BUSINESS

OVERVIEWS DISCUSSING VARIOUS TYPES OF FINANCING

SOURCES DISCUSSING SPECIFIC TYPES OF FINANCING Federal Funding Programs State Funding Bank Loans Venture Capital Nonprofit Organizations Funding targeted to specific groups

EXPORT FINANCING

FINANCING FOR BUYING A BUSINESS

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS

AVOIDING SCAMS

FREE OR INEXPENSIVE MATERIALS

ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES

PERIODICALS

REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES

ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

_________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Small business and entrepreneurship form an integral part of a healthy national economy. In recent years various factors, such as the impact of privatization and specialization in industry and corporate restructuring and downsizing as influenced by new management theories such as Thomas Peters' "Liberation Management," (1) have combined to encourage the emergence of many small and medium-sized companies. At the same time new opportunities for such companies are seen in the wooing of small business into exporting and international trade, and the creative efforts of major corporations in the area of business community development. The valuable contributions of such small businesses are widely recognized by all sectors of society, as can be seen by the many efforts to aid small businesses taking place at the federal, state, and local level. Such efforts range from new rulings of the Securities and Exchange Commission simplifying its filing requirements for small businesses making stock offerings to the public to a revamping of business school curriculums to include the study of small business entrepreneurship.

Yet, in spite of this increased awareness, recent news coverage, while acknowledging a current economic climate of low interest rates and available money supply, indicates that access to capital continues to be the most difficult challenge for small business owners. Recent newspaper articles point to several reasons why, even under optimal conditions, entrepreneurs are still not successful at getting financing: banks, by the very nature of their business, are resistant to the high-risk loans which many small businesses represent; potential entrepreneurs may lack the business savvy to articulate what they need in business terminology; and such inexperienced business persons may also fail to present a well-thought out long-range alternative plan to cover emergencies and other contingencies. Factors such as these all contribute to the decision of a would-be financing source not to commit money to a particular business.

To help small business owners meet these challenges, the Library of Congress Business Research Center, with the generous assistance of the Lowe Foundation, has prepared this "BusinessBrief" on financing small business enterprises. Planned as the first of a series of "BusinessBriefs" targeted to the entrepreneur, this brief is intended as a guide to representative sources of information on obtaining funding for both the newly formed and the expanding small business. As such, the focus has been on recently published books and current journal articles that will be of immediate, practical use to the practitioner.

While this brief is intended to provide accurate information regarding sources of information about obtaining financing for small business, it is not intended as a substitute for professional legal, accounting, or other services, and users of this list are encouraged to obtain the services of competent professionals in these fields as needed.

A variety of sources is included in this "BusinessBrief." In some cases, financing is the topic of entire books, while in others only certain chapters or sections, which have been noted, are devoted to the topic. The audiences to whom these volumes are addressed likewise vary. For example, the business person considering a start-up is the focus of a number of these titles including Timmons' "Planning and Financing the New Venture," Berle's "Raising Start-Up Capital for Your Company," and Lindsey's "StartUp Money: Raise What You Need for Your Small Business," which is specifically addressed to business persons seeking to borrow less than $100,000. At the other end of the scale is "The Ernst & Young Guide to Raising Capital," which covers in detail the problems and capital requirements of companies moving out of the start-up phase and considering various options for expansion, while Blechman and Levinson address "Guerrilla Financing" to any new or established small business seeking $1 million or less.

These publications outline an array of sources for financing available to the small business person. A number of the publications included on this list are useful starting points for anyone looking for an overall picture of the traditional sources of small business funding--such as family, friends, personal funds, banks, and venture capitalists. These discussions of the major features of debt and equity financing, or some combination of the two, range from brief overviews such as the two page pamphlet "How To Raise Money for a Small Business," (FF1) issued by the Small Business Administration to extended discussions such as those in Timmons' volume Planning and Financing the New Venture or Berle's "Raising Start-Up Capital for Your Company." In the section on "Avoiding Scams" a number of titles such as Graham Mott's "How To Recognize and Avoid Scams, Swindles, and Ripoffs" and M. Allen Henderson's "Rip-offs and Swindles; Money for Nothing," outline financing schemes which the small businessman would do well to recognize and avoid.

Reflecting the economic realities of the 1990s, many recent books and articles note the growing difficulties which small businesses face in obtaining traditional bank and equity financing and include financing strategies variously described as "atypical," "alternative," "avant guarde," or "creative." Some of these have combined important elements from traditional methods with alternative methods to form a synergistic approach to acquiring start-up capital. Examples include networking by banks at community and business association meetings, micro-loan programs which are mostly offered to low-income borrowers and usually require little or no collateral, and mentor-protege programs by major corporations that provide technical assistance for small business. Also discussed in current news articles are "temporary co-ownership" programs sponsored by corporations that provide funding needed to open up "outlets" for the corporation, thereby promoting community business development, often with options for the entrepreneurs to begin buying back the stock as soon as the business becomes profitable. Other creative sources for funds mentioned are lotteries and contests designed by enterprising individuals to raise money for their businesses. In addition, there are grants and loans available from various nonprofit and government sources as described in some detail by Blum in "Free Money for Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs." Such funds are often restricted to specific areas of need in a state such as disaster relief or to specific groups needing assistance, such as the elderly. Finally, mention is made of various "guerilla-type" financing methods such as the use of one's personal credit cards as sources of funds.

"The Ernst and Young Guide to Raising Capital"--with chapters on going public, exempt offerings of securities, venture capital, joint ventures and licensing, leasing, government loans and grants, divestitures, special techniques for financing research and development, cash management, management buyouts, employee stock options, franchising, and tax planning--provides an overview of current trends in small business financing. Several other titles in this "BusinessBrief" focus almost exclusively on alternative financing strategies. These include Tuller's "When the Bank Says No! Creative Financing for Closely Held Business," Lindsey's "The Entrepreneur's Guide to...Capital Over 150 Proven Ways to Finance New and Growing Businesses" and Blechman and Levinson's "Guerrilla Financing." Tuller looks, as his title promises, at a variety of ways to raise capital that do not involve incurring debt through a commercial bank loan. Lindsey's volume, directed to executives of companies with annual revenues of under $25 million, includes discussions of incubators, going public overseas, factoring, bartering, and commercial paper, and various stock options. Blechman and Levinson in "Guerrilla Financing" place a strong emphasis on "partnering" or finding an "angel" who is interested in investing in particular types of businesses. These authors also briefly describe 101 nontraditional financing techniques.

Techniques especially useful for rescuing the troubled company form the basis for Woeltjen's book "Surviving the Credit Crunch of the '90's;
Rescuing Your Small Business from Meltdown and Making It a Success." To illustrate his points, Woeltjen follows the actions of the executive of a hypothetical company as he moves his firm from near insolvency to financial success. Woeltjen leads his fictitious executive through emergency measures to regain cash control while he buys time to do a thorough analysis of what went wrong, followed by financial planning for the future utilizing a variety of techniques similar to those mentioned above. Another title covering similar ground is Silver's "The Turnaround Survival Guide: Strategies for the Company in Crisis."

In addition to creative financing techniques, several other trends can be seen in these publications. One is the number of titles addressed to specific groups of individuals such as retirees, women, or members of various ethnic groups, who may seek to satisfy a life-long dream by becoming entrepreneurs. Essays which speak directly to the special problems and opportunities of particular groups include the chapter on "Special Groups" in Klein's "Handbook on Building a Profitable Business," articles such as Sharon Nelton's "On the Horizon: More Investment in Women," and Gustav Berle's book, "Retiring to Your Own Business: How You Can Launch a Satisfying, Productive, and Prosperous Second Career."

Another trend seen in a number of these publications-- discussions of offshore, or foreign, sources of financing for the American entrepreneur--reflects the increasing globalization of the American economy. Lindsey, for example, in "The Entrepreneur's Guide to--Capital," discusses offshore financing sources involving licensing, venture capital, partnerships and going public in overseas contexts. A number of other titles in the section on "Export Financing" in the "BusinessBrief" are devoted exclusively to this topic.

Also well represented in these volumes is information on government programs available to small businesses. In addition to the titles devoted entirely to this topic which are listed under the sections on "State Funding" and "Federal Funding/Programs" of this brief, the "Small Business Sourcebook: the Entrepreneur's Resource," contains extensive listings of federal and state programs available to assist the small business person.

The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is the primary source within the federal government for financial assistance to small business. The agency administers a loan guarantee program for those small businesses meeting its criteria and has a number of other programs available for veterans, handicapped persons, minorities, and disaster victims. The SBA maintains an 800 number, the SBA Hotline, which responds to approximately 250,000 calls per year from business persons around the country, (2) and issues numerous publications of interest to small business. In cooperation with the states, the SBA also helps fund Small Business Development Centers (SBDC's), located in each state, to provide direct assistance to entrepreneurs. The SBA also sponsors the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE), a national organization of retired executives who volunteer their time to counsel small business persons.

In addition to the SBA, other government agencies also administer specific grant or loan programs of interest to the entrepreneur seeking funding. Detailed information on these programs can be found in the "Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance" published by the U.S. Office of Management and the Budget. A number of the titles included under the section Federal Funding/Programs in this BusinessBrief identify and discuss some of the governmental programs of greatest interest to the small business person. Laurie Blum, in "Free Money for Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs," includes the number of each program from the "Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance" for easy reference should additional information about any program be sought.

Many other programs, such as those sponsored by colleges and many trade associations, are also available to assist new business enterprises. Additional information can be found in numerous books, magazines, audiovisuals, and other nonprint items that have been produced by these organizations as well as by individual business executives and entrepreneurs. An extensive listing of such sources can be found in the "Small Business Sourcebook: the Entrepreneur's Resource."

Regardless of the specific financing techniques discussed, certain themes are repeated throughout many of the publications listed in this brief. Chief among these is the emphasis on the importance of self-assessment in determining what it takes to be an entrepreneur coupled with admonitions to those seeking financing to expect rejection before finally winning approval of their financing proposals. These sources are in general agreement that entrepreneurs need to start their search for financing with a close examination of themselves and their own companies or proposed businesses. To this end, there are frequent discussions of the importance of developing business and/or finance plans, of placing one's existing business in the best financial position possible by effecting economies in the day-to-day operations of the company, and of obtaining competent legal and financial counsel. Likewise stress is placed on the importance of comparing one's business or potential business to industry standards for the same or a related industry or to a public company in the field which has disclosed financial information.

Along with the importance of analyzing one's own business is the importance of analyzing one's requests for financing from the point of view of the potential funding source. Tuller, in "When the Bank Says No! Creative Financing for Closely Held Business," urges the entrepreneur to learn the language of finance and devotes a chapter to the topic. He and Lindsey, in "Start-Up Money: Raise What You Need for Your Small Business," along with others, address the purpose for which the loan is intended and discuss types of financing sources most suited for those purposes. Several volumes, including "Lending to Different Industries: Practical Articles on Making Loans to Selected Industries" and "Businesses--a Collection Taken from the Journal of Commercial Bank Lending" and "Credit Considerations: Financial and Credit Characteristics of Selected Industries," discuss loan criteria by industry from the point of view of the lender.

Many of the sources included in this "BusinessBrief" contain examples of forms required for IRS, SBA and other organizations, sample business loan applications and proposals, various checklists for buying or starting a business or franchise, worksheets for calculating your own resources, and numerous charts, tables, and glossaries that may be useful to the business person moving through the various levels in the financing process. To cite just a few examples, Schilit, in "The Entrepreneur's Guide To Preparing a Winning Business Plan and Raising Venture Capital," includes extensive worksheets for developing a business plan; Timmons, in "Planning and Financing the New Venture," includes appendices on "Business Plan Guide," as well as an "Outline of an Investment Agreement," "Sample Terms Sheet," and "Sample Vesting and Stock Restriction Agreement." Blum, in the introduction to "Free Money for Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs," includes sample grant proposals for profit and nonprofit organizations, while Woeltjen provides a "Sample Offering Memorandum for New Stock Issues to the Public." A few titles, such as Fred Fry's "Entrepreneurship: a Planning Approach" and Arthur H. Kuriloff's "How To Start Your Own Business-- and Succeed," include software to assist in preparing a financial plan for the business.

As these sources make plain, acquiring seed money and initial capital for start-up is likely to be only the beginning of an on-going process of financing one's business; the need to acquire financing becomes especially critical for the survival of existing and growing companies as they move beyond seed money and start-up, and seek other types of financing such as second round, mezzanine, and initial public offerings. Moreover, while some businesses may go through only one or two phases in their search for financing, others may go through all phases of the process more than once as the company grows.

Finally, because there is no magic formula, method, or program that will automatically secure financing for a new or growing company, the process can be challenging and sometimes frustrating. It can also be exciting and rewarding. Choosing the appropriate methodology for gaining financial backing, utilizing the best information gained from research, and developing well thought-out business and contingency plans are the best strategies to facilitate the successful acquisition of funds.

(1) Thomas J. Peters. "Liberation Management: Necessary Disorganization for the Nanosecond Nineties." New York: A.A. Knopf, 1992.

(2) Gustav Berle. "SBA Hotline Answer Book." New York: John Wiley, 1992. p.[1].

_________________________________________________________________

A BusinessBrief

FINANCING SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES: SOURCES OF INFORMATION

SCOPE of this guide

This publication is intended as a guide to representative sources of information on obtaining funding for the newly formed or expanding small business. As such the focus has been on sources that will be of immediate, practical use to the practitioner rather than on sources intended for the scholarly study of small business.

Library of Congress SUBJECT HEADINGS

Small business--finance Home-based businesses New business enterprises--finance Family corporations--management Self-employed Minority business enterprises--finance Venture capital Small business investment companies Business incubators Entrepreneurs Federal aid to minority business enterprises Federal aid to women-owned business enterprises

search also under specific groups or industries such as:

Indians of North America--business enterprises Mexican American business enterprises Afro-American business enterprises Women-owned business enterprises Handicapped-owned business enterprises Student-owned business enterprises retirees--employment Minority-owned architectural firms

_________________________________________________________________
SECTIONS ON FINANCING

CONTAINED IN GENERAL GUIDES TO STARTING A SMALL BUSINESS

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

* Applegate, Jane. Succeeding in Small Business: the 101 Toughest Problems and How To Solve Them. New York: Plume, 199
2. pp. 69-97 HF5386.A626 1992 91 -39508

Berle, Gustav. Planning and Forming Your Company. New York: Wiley, 1990. pp. 19-55; Appendix I-II. HD62.5.B4815 1990 89-22430

* Clark, Scott A. Beating the Odds: 10 Smart Steps to Small Business Success. New York: AMACOM c199
1. pp. 3-49, 55-97, 102-157, 162-20
5. HD62.5.C59 1991 90-56187

* Cohen, William A. The Entrepreneur and Small Business Problem Solver: an Encyclopedic Reference and Guide. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, c1990. pp. 28-66, 90- 103, Appendix II- VII HD62.7.C63 1990 SSRR B&E 89-32064

* Eyler, David R. Starting and Operating a Home-Based Business. New York: Wiley, 1990. pp. 209-213, 227-23
1. HD62.5.E95 1990 89-36240

* Fallek, Max. How To Set Up Your Own Small Business. Minneapolis, MN: American Institute of Small Business. c199
1. Vol. 1, section 5-
1. HD62.7.F35 1991 89-84218

Fry, Fred L. Entrepreneurship: a Planning Approach. Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: West Pub. Co., 199
3. Parts 5-
7. Includes 1 computer disk (3 1/2 inch) System requirements: IBM PC or compatible; 512K MS-DOS HD62.5.F79 1993 92-26326

* Jacobson, Ruth. Your Own Shop: How To Open and Operate a Successful Retail Business. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Liberty Hall Press, c199
1. pp. 10-17, 168-17
6. HD62.5.J33 1990 SSRR B&E 90-40307

* Klein, Fred. Building a Profitable Business. Seattle, WA: Entrepreneurial Workshops Publications, c1990. pp. 3-1 - 3-20; 4-1 - 4-57; 5-1 - 5-4
1. MLCM 93/03015(H) 89-83407

Kuriloff, Arthur H. How To Start Your Own Business--and Succeed. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 199
3. Chapters 10, 11, 14, 15 and Appendix A. Includes 1 computer disk (5 1/4 inch) HD62.5.K86 1993 MRCRR 92-25288

Luther, William M. The Start-Up Business Plan. New York: Prentice Hall,199
1. pp. 189-202, Appendix. HD62.7.L88 1991 91 -25659

Maul, Lyle R. The Entrepreneur's Road Map to Business Success, by Lyle Maul and Dianne Craig Mayfield, rev. ed. Alexandria, VA: Saxtons River Publications, 199
2. pp. 127-17
7. HD62.5.M37 1992 SSRR B&E 92-50275

McLaughlin, Harold J. The Entrepreneur's Guide To Building a Better Business Plan: A Step-by-Step Approach. New York: Wiley, 199
2. pp. 207-2
20. HD30.28.M3853 1992 91-34353

Merrill, Ronald E. The New Venture Handbook, by Ronald E. Merrill and Henry D. Sedgwick. New York: Amacom, 199
3. pp. 207-227; 259-28
6. HD62.5.M46 1993 92-27378

Schmoke, L. Joseph. Vital Business Secrets for New and Growing Companies, by L. Joseph Schmoke and Richard R. Allen. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin, 198
9. pp. 120-16
1. HD62.5.S353 1989 88-21762

* Timmons, Jeffry A. New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship in the 1990s. 3rd ed. Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1990. pp. 399-48
9. HD62.5.T55 89-37898

Vesper, Karl H. New Venture Mechanics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 199
3. pp. 137-205; pp 310-[362]. HD62.5.V46 1993 91-43340 _________________________________________________________________

OVERVIEWS DISCUSSING VARIOUS

TYPES OF FINANCING

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

# Alarid, William. Money Sources for Small Business: How You Can Find Private, State, Federal, and Corporate Financing. Santa Maria, CA: Puma Publishing Co., 1990. 222p. HG4027.7.A43 SSRR B&E 90-45299

# Blechman, Bruce. Guerrilla Financing: Alternative Techniques to Finance any Small Business, by Bruce Blechman and Jay Conrad Levinson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 199
1. 343p. HG4027.7.B55 1991 90-24203

# Berle, Gustav. Raising Start-Up Capital for Your Company. New York: Wiley, c1990. 244p. HG4027.6.B47 1990 89-22509

* Garner, Daniel R. The Ernst & Young Guide to Raising Capital, by Daniel R. Garner, Robert R. Owen, and Robert P. Conway. New York: Wiley, 199
1. pp. 1-12, 49-208, 215-25
1. HG4061.G37 1991 90-43834

# Heath, Gibson. Funding Options for Small Business. Denver, CO: DBA/USA Press, 1990. 112p. HG4027.7.H42 1990 90-81933

* Lindsey, Jennifer. The Entrepreneur's Guide to--Capital: Over 150 Proven Ways to Finance New and Growing Businesses, rev. ed. Chicago, IL: Probus Publishing Co., c1990. pp. 13-34; 47-70; 77-13
6. HG4061.L52 1990 89-70265

# Lindsey, Jennifer. Start-Up Money: Raise What You Need for Your Small Business. New York: Wiley, c198
9. 247p. HG4027.7.L56 1989 88-32626

# Mathewson, G. Bradley. Asking For Money: The Entrepreneur's Guide to the Financing Process. Orlando, FL.: Financial Systems Associates. 198
9. 261p. HG4027.6.M38 1989 89-80878

# Raising Money for Your Small Business. Dallas/Fort Worth,: National Association for the Self-Employed. 198
9. 45p. HG4027.7.R35 1989 90-225246

# Seglin, Jeffrey L. Financing Your Small Business. New York: McGraw Hill, 199
2. 258p. HG4027.7.S44 1990 90-30383

Silver, A. David. The Turnaround Survival Guide: Strategies for the Company in Crisis. Chicago: Dearborn Financial Pub., 199
2. 339p. HD58.8.S55 1992 91-44496

# Timmons, Jeffry A. Planning and Financing the New Venture. Acton, MA: Brick House Publishing Co., Inc. 1990. 188p. HD62.5.T56 1990 89-22115

# Tuller, Lawrence W. Financing the Small Business. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 199
1. 280p. HG4027.7.T85 1991 91-3166

# Tuller, Lawrence W. When the Bank Says No! Creative Financing for Closely Held Business. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Liberty Hall Press, 199
1. 306p. HG4027.3.T85 1991 90-24558

* Woeltjen, Lance H. Surviving the Credit Crunch of the '90's": Rescuing Your Small Business from Meltdown and Making It a Success. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book Co., c199
1. pp. 85-13
1. HG4027.7.W64 1990 90-55319 _________________________________________________________________

SOURCES DISCUSSING SPECIFIC TYPES OF FUNDING

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

Federal Funding/Programs

* Alarid, William M. Free Help from Uncle Sam to Start Your Own Business (or Expand the One You Have), by William Alarid and Gustav Berle. 3rd ed. Santa Maria, CA: Puma Pub. Co., c199
2. pp. 93-131; 134-140; Appendix
8. HD2346.U5A63 1992 SSRR B&E 91-34319

# Blum, Laurie. Free Money for Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs. 3rd ed. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, c199
2. 293p. HG4027.7.B58 1992 SSRR B&E 92-19847

Chelekis, George C. The Action Guide to Government Grants, Loans, and Giveaways. New York: Perigee Books, c199
3. 510p. HG177.5.U6 C438 1993 92-38818

# O'Hara, Patrick. SBA Loans: A Step by Step Guide. New York: Wiley, c1989. 230p. HG4027.7.043 1989 SSRR B&E 88-36676

* SBA Lending Made Easy. Washington, DC: American Bankers Association, c1990. pp 19-3
8. HG4027.7.S28 1990 SSRR B&E 91-101176

* Strong, George F. Getting the Government To Pay for Your New Business. San Diego, CA: National Publications, c1990. pp. 245-297, 307-318, 320-39
5. HG4027.7.S86 1990 SSRR B&E 90-6408

Exporter's Guide to Federal Resources for Small Business. 3rd rev. ed. Washington: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of International Trade. U.S. G.P.O. 199
2. 122p. HF1455.E935 1991 91-37967 Also on NTDB (National Trade Data Bank) CD-ROM in SSRR B&E and N&CPRR.

State Funding

# Bendah, David. Cashing In on Free State Government Money. San Diego, CA: Lion, c198
9. 209p. HG4027.7.B473 1990 89-13690

Small Business Sourcebook: the Entrepreneur's Resource, ed. Carol A. Schwartz. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 199
3. 2 v. HD2346.U5S66 SSRR B&E 85-644758 Volume 2 of this publication contains a section, "State Listings," which gives on a state-by-state basis information on various types of assistance to small businesses including financing and loan programs, minority business assistance programs, incubators, and legislative assistance.

Starting and Operating a Business in [name of state], by Michael D. Jenkins...[et al.] Sunnyvale, CA: Oasis Press. c1980- KF1659.Z95S7 1980 LAW 80-83053

Bank Loans

Antonini, Orlando J. Getting a Business Loan: Your Step-by-Step Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications, 199
3. 196p. HG1642.U5A68 1993 92-54353

Boothe, Ben B. A Banker Tells You How To Borrow All the Money You'll Ever Need. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 199
2. 298p. HG1642.U5B66 1992 92-11227

Goldstein, Arnold S. The Complete Small Business Loan Kit. Holbrook, MA: B. Adams, [Consumer Law Foundation], c1990. 191 p. HG3729.U5G58 1990 90-115034

Hayes, Rick Stephen. Business Loans: A Guide to Money Sources and How To Approach Them. rev. and updated. New York: Wiley, c198
9. 297p. HG3751.4.U6H39 1989 SSRR B&E 88-38851

Lending to Different Industries: Practical Articles on Making Loans to Selected Industries and Businesses-A Collection Taken from the Journal of Commercial Bank Lending. Philadelphia: R.Morris Associates. v. 1-3, c1990-199
2. HG1641.L46 1990 90-5900

Mancuso, Joseph R. How To Get A Business Loan (Without Signing Your Life Away. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990. 270p. HG1641.M25 1990 SSRR B&E 89-30272

Milling, Bryan E. How To Get a Loan or Line of Credit for Your Business. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc., 199
3. 145p. HG3751.M54 1993 92-41609

Venture Capital

Bartlett. Joseph W. A Venture Capital: Law, Business Strategies, and Investment Planning. New York: J. Wiley, 198
8. 514p. KF1366.B37 1988 Law 87-30352

# Entrepreneur's Guide To raising Venture Capital. Greenberg Consulting and Craig T. Norback. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Liberty Hall Press, c.199
1. 264p. HG4751.B87 1990 90-20624 Rev. ed. of The Arthur Young Guide To Raising Venture Capital, by G. Steven Burrill and Craig T. Norbeck.

Gladstone, David. Venture Capital Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 198
8. 350p. HG4965.G57 1988 SSRR B&E 87-61607

Haft, Robert J. Venture Capital and Small Business Financing. New York: Clark Boardman Co., 1984 annual. KF1659.H33 1984 LAW 84-14514

* Henderson, James W. Obtaining Venture Financing. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 199
1. pp, 251-300. HG4963.H44 1988 85-40234

McGarty, Terrence P. Business Plans That Win Venture Capital. New York: Wiley, 198
9. pp. 231-318 and Appendix. HD62.5.M38 1989 88-27609

# Merrill, Ronald E. Raising Money: Venture Funding and How To Get It, by Ronald E. Merrill and Gaylord E. Nichols. New York: American Management Association. c1990. 283p. HG4751.M47 1990 89-46215

# Pratt's Guide to Venture Capital Sources. Needham, MA: Venture Economics Inc. annual. HG65.G83 SSRR B&E 85-644764

# Schilit, W. Keith. The Entrepreneur's Guide To Preparing a Winning Business Plan and Raising Venture Capital. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, c1990. 287p. HG4027.6.S35 1990 88-37103

Venture Capital Manual. Boston: Warren, Gorham & Lamont, c1990. pp. B4-1 - B4-2
1. HG4965.V45 1990 SSRR B&E 90-70881

Nonprofit Organizations

# Blum, Laurie. Free Money for Small Businesses and Entrepreneurs. 3rd ed. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, c199
2. 293p. HG4027.7.B58 1992 SSRR B&E 92-19847

Examples of Sources Targeted to Specific Groups

* Berle, Gustav. Retiring to Your Own Business: How You Can Launch a Satisfying, Productive, and Prosperous Second Career. Santa Maria, CA: Puma Pub. c199
3. pp. 21-23; 27-32, 37-39, 43-54, 57-79, 207-241, 248-24
9. HD6279.B47 1993 92-22196

International Association of Black Business Educators. IABBE's Business Strategies. [Washington, DC]: The Association, 198
8. Chapters 1, 2, 5, and
7. HD2346.U51566 1988 89-112382

Snelling, Laurine. Start Your Own Business After 50, or 60, or 70! San Leandro, CA: Bristol Pub. Enterprises, 1990. pp. 165-179. HD6072.6.U5S64 1990 91-143280

_________________________________________________________________

EXPORT FINANCING

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

Exporter's Guide to Federal Resources for Small Business. 3rd rev. ed. Washington: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of International Trade. U.S. G.P.O. 199
2. 122p. HF1455.E935 1991 91-37967 Also on NTDB (National Trade Data Bank) CD-ROM in SSRR B&E and N&CPRR.

Gordon, John S. Profitable Exporting: A Complete Guide To Marketing Your Products Abroad. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, c199
3. Chapters 12-
13. HF1416.5.G67 1993 92-14983

Wells, L. Fargo. Exporting: from Start to Finance by L. Fargo Wells and Karin B. Dulat. 2nd ed. [Blue Ridge Summit, PA]: Liberty Hall Press, 1991. 522p. HF1416.5.W45 1991 SSRR B&E 91-21411

* Venedikian, H. Export-Import Financing, by H. Venedikian and G. Warfield. 3rd. ed. New York: Wiley, 199
2. pp. 58-1
14. HG3754.U5V46 1991 91-4771 ________________________________________________________________

FINANCING FOR BUYING A BUSINESS

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

Desmond, Glenn. Handbook of Small Business Valuation Formulas and Rules of Thumb. 3rd. ed. Camden, ME: Valuation Press. 199
3. 371p. HG4028.V3D478 1993 93-235225

Goldstein, Arnold S. Buying and Selling a Business--Successfully: A Proven Guide for Entrepreneurs. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones Irwin, 1990. pp. 144-16
4. HD1393.25.G637 1990 SSRR B&E 89-7736

McGregor, Ronald J. Buying a Business: A Step-by-Step for the First Time Buyer. [Menlo Park, CA]: Crisp Publications, 199
3. pp. 62-70. HD1393.25.M38 1993 92-82770

Pratt, Shannon P. Valuing Small Businesses and Professional Practices. 2nd ed. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin, 199
3. 692p. HG4028.V3P73 1993 92-26337

* Tuller, Lawrence W. Buying In: A Complete Guide to Acquiring a Business or Professional Practice. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Liberty Hall Press, 1990. pp. 128204, 219-271, 279-28
7. HD1393.25.T83 1990 90-36725

Whittemore, Meg. Financing Your Franchise. New York: McGraw-Hill, 199
3. pp. 579
2. HF5429.235.U5W48 1993 93-14238

_________________________________________________________________

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

* Bond, Cecil J. Hands-On Financial Controls for Your Small Business. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Liberty Hall Press, 199
1. pp. 1-17, 19-5
1. HG4027.7.B66 1990 90-49728

Financial Troubleshooting: An Action Plan for Money Management in the Small Business, edited by David H. Bangs, Jr. and the editors of Common Sense. Dover, NH: Upstart Pub. Co., c199
2. -pp. 33-42, 175-180. HG4027.7.F555 1992 SSRR B&E 92-30261

Glau, Gregory R. The Small Business Financial Planner. New York: Wiley,198
9. pp. 173- 19
2. HG4027.7.G57 1989 88-20759

* Parson, Mary Jean. Financially Managing the One-Person Business. New York: Perigee Books, c199
1. pp. 13-36, 51-6
1. HG4027.7.P37 1991 91-6771

Schimel, Barry R. 101 Ways To Prosper in Today's Economy. Herdon, VA: Acropolis Books, 199
1. 229p. HG4027.7.S35 1991 91-29862

_________________________________________________________________
AVOIDING SCAMS

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

Henderson, M. Allen. Rip-Offs, Cons and Swindles: Money for Nothing. Ft. Lee, N.J.: Barricade Books, Inc., 199
2. 192p. HV6697.H46 1992 92-15881

Mott, Graham M. How To Recognize and Avoid Scams, Swindles, and Ripoffs. Littleton, CO.: Golden Shadows Press. 1993. HV6695.M68 1993 93-154149

Scams, Schemes, Deceptive Offers: How Small Businesses Can Survive the Great American Rip-Offs. Washington: Call For Action (CFA), Inc., [nd] brochure. LC Location: BRS Business Vertical File under SCAMS

_________________________________________________________________

FREE OR INEXPENSIVE MATERIALS

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

The Small Business Administration issues a number of pamphlets, videotapes, and other publications that discuss various issues relating to the financing of a small business. Some representative titles are listed below. For a current catalog, call the Small Business Administration SBA Answer Desk at 1-800-827-5722.

"ABC's of Borrowing." (Series: Financial Management, FM1) How To Raise Money for a Small Business," (Series: Focus on the Facts, FF1)

"A Venture Capital Primer for Small Business," (Series: Financial Management, FM5)

The following groups also distribute free or inexpensive guides for small business persons which may be of interest. Exact availability and cost are subject to change.

Guides from Price Waterhouse Series for Smaller Businesses and Entrepreneurs.

Price Waterhouse 1251 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 212-819-5000

Various topics are covered, including financing. These guides are also generally available from any of the approximately ninety Price Waterhouse offices nationwide. Check local listings to determine if there is an office in your area.

Where To Get Start-Up Funding for Your Business.

[Income Opportunity Booklets] Davis Publications Income Opportunities P.O. Box 40 Vernon, NJ 07462 800-338-7531

_________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES

Abstracting and indexing services provide access to relevant articles in journals and access to other literature. The following suggested subject terms are given as aids in searching the services listed below. All are CD-ROMs, except as noted. Call numbers are given for those with printed versions.

ABI Inform [CD-ROM] (1987- ) SSRR B&E Business Periodicals Ondisc (BPO) [CD-ROM] (1987- ) N&CPRR (BPO and ABI Inform share common indexing, but BPO also includes full text of selected articles)

See: Corporate Finance Entrepreneurs Financial Management Small Business Startups

Classification Codes that can be used:

3100 Capital and Debt Management 9180 International 9190 United States 9520 Small Business 9521 Minority- and Women-Owned Businesses

Business Periodicals Index (1958- )Z71 64.C81 B983SSRR B&E, MRR Alc, N&CPRR

Business Abstracts [CD-ROM] (1982- ) SSRR B&E

See: Black Business Enterprises Entrepreneurs and Finance New Business Enterprises and Finance New Business Enterprises and Strategic Planning Small Business Ownership Small Business and State Aid Women Entrepreneurs

Business Dateline [CD-ROM] (1985- ) SSRR B&E

See: Business Incubators Business Incubators and Small Business Corporate Finance and Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs and Finance Small Business and Financing Startups and Financing

Ethnic Newswatch [CD-ROM] (October 1993) N&CPRR

See: Entrepreneurs and Finance Minority Owned Businesses and Finance Native Americans and Entrepreneurs Small Business and Finance Venture Capital and Small Business Women Entrepreneurs

Infotrac General Business File [CD-ROM] (1993- ) SSRR B&E

See: Black Business Enterprises -- finance Businessmen -- finance Businesswomen -- finance Entrepreneurship -- business incubators Entrepreneurship-- finance Handicapped -- business and industry Minority Business Enterprises -- finance Native Americans -- business and industry New Business Enterprises -- finance

Newspaper Abstracts Ondisc [CD-ROM] (1989- ) N&CPRR

See: Entrepreneurs and Finance Minority Owned Businesses and Finance Small Business and Finance Venture Capital and Small Business Women and Entrepreneurs

NTDB: National Trade Data Bank [CD-ROM] (1993- ) SSRR B&E, N&CPRR

On Disc 1, from main menu select "program", then select options relating to small business financing such as:

"A Basic Guide to Exporting"

-- Appendix III contains state and local sources of assistance.

"Opportunity in Mexico: A Small Business Guide"

"SBA News and Loan Programs"

On Disc 2, from main menu select "program", then choose options as appropriate such as:

"Breaking into the Trade Game: Small Business Guide to Exporting"

"Export Programs: A Business Directory of US Government Resources"

"State Trade Contacts"

PAIS International (1991- ) Z7164.E2P34 SSRR B&E, MRR Alc, N&CPR

PAIS International [CD-ROM] (1972- ) MRR

See: Entrepreneurs and Finance Minority Business Enterprises Small Business and Finance (Small Business) and (Export Import Trade) Venture Capital

Readers' Guide To Periodical Literature (1900- ) AI13.R48 MRR ALC, SSRR B&E, N&CPRR

Readers' Guide [CD-ROM] (1983- ) N&CPRR

See: Black Business Enterprises Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs and Finance Minority Business Enterprises Small Business and finance Venture Capital Women Entrepreneurs _________________________________________________________________

PERIODICALS

D&B Reports. ISSN: 0746-6110 HF5001.D86a 80-642262

Entrepreneur. ISSN: 0364-7218 HF5001.E64 76-648309

In Business. ISSN: 0190-2458 HF5001.I35 79-643446

Income Opportunities. ISSN 0019-3429 HF5382.5.U515 58-36003

Inc. ISSN: 0162-8968 HD2346.U5 155 79-643168

Journal of Small Business Management. ISSN: 0047-2778 (National Council for Small Business Management Development) HD69.S6 J67 72-628049

Nation's Business. ISSN: 0028-047X (Chamber of Commerce of the United States) HF1.N4 (micro 06239 1912- ) 15-18456

Small Business Investment Companies Digest / (SBIC Digest) ISSN: 0149-2500 (Small Business Administration, Investment Division) HG3729.U5A3392c 76-649841

Small Business Reports. ISSN: 0164-5382 (American Management Association) HD2346.U5 S64 82-640992

You and Your Business. ISSN: 0736-4865 HG4027.7.Y68 84-643803

Venture Capital Journal. ISSN: 0883-2773 HG4961.V465 85-645612 _________________________________________________________________

REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

BC = Business Collection BPO = Business Periodicals Ondisc

MC = Magazine Collection GPO= General Periodicals Ondisc

* "Asset-Based Lending is Safe and Sound Lending," Secured Lender, January-February 1993: p. 69-75. Written from the point of view of the lender. Full Text in N&CPRR on BPO HF5565.C65

* Bhide, Amar. "Bootstrap Finance: The Art of Start-ups," Harvard Business Review, v. 70 n. 6 November-December 1992: p. 109-117.

Full Text in N&CPRR on BC HF5001.H3

* Black Entrepreneurs: Have Capital, Will Flourish," Economist, February 27, 1993: p. 33-34. Full Text in N&CPRR on BPO and GPO HG11.E2

* Broome, J. Tol Jr. "How To Write a Business Plan," Nation's Business, February 1993: p. 29-30. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HF1.N4

* Brown, Caryne. "Making Low-Cost Start-Ups Pay Off," Black Enterprise, November 1992: p. 65-72. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC E185.B5

* "Capital Suggestions: Assets and Barter," Nation's Business, v 80, April 1992: p. 3435. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HF1.N4

* Davidson, Jacqueline." International Strategies: Putting Wind in Your Sales," Small Business Reports, v. 17, July 1992: p. 44-48. Discusses types of financing available through the Eximbank for small companies interested in exporting. Full Text in N&CPRR on BPO HD2346.U5S64

*Davis, Eileen. "Creative Financing Techniques," Small Business Reports, v. 16, December 1991: p. 49-5
8. Full Text in N&CPRR on BPO HD2346.U5S64

Emshwiller, John R. "Entrepreneurs are Tempting Targets for Fraud," Wall Street Journal, January 12, 199
4. pp. B1-B2. Newspaper N&CPRR

* "Financing Export Transactions," Business America, World Trade Week Edition. v. 113, n. 9 [May] 1992: p. 14-16. HF1.B863

* "The `Good' Banker", Inc., v. 15 February 1993: p. 31. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HD2346.U5155

* Hartnet, Michael. "So You Want To Get a Bank Loan: New Franchise Owners Have a Friend in the SBA," Restaurant Business, v. 91, March 20, 1992: p. 68-69. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC and BPO TP628.S7

* John, Christine. "Rural America Fund Foster New Jobs in Rural Areas," Management Quarterly, v. 33, Summer 1992: p. 33-35. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO HD28.M14

* McKee, Bradford. "Seed Funds for the Smallest Start-Ups," Nation's Business, October 1992: p. 29-30. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HF1.N4

* McKee, Bradford. "Simpler Offerings for Smaller Firms," Nation's Business, July 1993: p. 33-34 Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HF
1. N4

* Nelton, Sharon. "On the Horizon: More Investment in Women," Nation's Business, v. 81, May 1993: p. 73-7
4. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HF1.N4

* Payne, Kay. "Funding Small Businesses Through Private Economic Development Organizations," Economic Development Review, Winter 1992: p. 89-91. Full Text in N&CPRR on BPO
* Posner, Bruce G. "How To Finance Anything," Inc., v. 15, February 1993: p. 54-68. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HD2346.U5155

* "Small Companies in Quest of Cash Face More Grilling Than Ever," Profit Building Strategies for Business Owners, v. 22, no. 11, November 1992: p. 3-4. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC

*Stern, Linda. "Need $10,000? $50,000? $250,000?" Home Office Computing, v. 10, September 1992: p. 64-6
9. Full Text in N&CPRR on GPO QA76.5.F328

* Szabo, Joan C. "A Capital Option: Finance Companies," Nation's Business, July 1992: p. 42. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HF1.N4

* Szabo, Joan C. "Easing Small Firms' Credit Crunch," Nation's Business, v. 80, June 1993: p. 42-43. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, and GPO HF1.N4

* "Tapping a Credit Union," Inc.,v. 14, December 1992: p. 35. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HD2346.U5155

* "Tapping the Microlenders," Inc., November 1992: p. 43. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HD2346.U5155

* Thompson, Kevin D. "Facing Tough Times on the Money Trail," Black Enterprise, January 1993: p. 72-76. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO and MC E185.8.B5

Thompson, Kevin D. "Beating Small Business Scams," Black Enterprise, v. 24, October 1993: p. 25. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO and MC E185.8.B5

* Touby, Laurel. "The New Bankrolls Behind Women's Businesses," Business Week, September 21, 1992: p. 70-71. Full Text in N&CPRR on BPO and GPO HF500
1. B89

* Washer, Louise. "How To Finance a Start-Up," Working Woman, v. 17, October 1992: p. 43--49, 63. Full Text in N&CPRR on BC, BPO, GPO, and MC HQ1101.W78

_________________________________________________________________

ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

SYMBOLS:

* Available in "BRS Small Business Collection" in SSRR B&E. # indicates that a photocopy of the title page and table of contents of the publication is available.

Anderson, Robert L. Managing Small Businesses, by Robert L. Anderson and John S. Dunkelberg. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub., 199
3. pp. 166-190. HD62.7.A515 1993 92-26315

Arden, Lynie. The Work-at-Home Sourcebook, 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Live Oak Publications. c199
2. 279p. HD2336.U5A73 1992 91-30758

Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance. Washington, Office of Management and Budget, for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1991- annual. HC110.P63U53a SSRR Ref Desk 73-600118 Issued to depository libraries in microfiche. Supt. of Docs. No.: PrEx 2.20:

Corporate Finance Sourcebook. Wilmette, IL: National Register Co. annual. HG4057.A1565 SSRR B&E 79-642719

Credit Considerations: Financial and Credit Characteristics of Selected Industries. Philadelphia, PA: Robert Morris Associates, 198
6. 3v. HG1641.C663 1990 89-13778

# Directory of Operating Small Business Investment Companies, Washington: Small Business Administration. 19- semiannual, June and December. HG3729.U49D57 SSRR B&E 82-647180 Lists approximately 570 small business investment companies licensed under the Small Business Investment Act covering minority enterprise SBIC's.

Issued also to depository libraries in microfiche. Supt. of Docs. No.: SBA1.2:D 62/2/ Supt. of Docs. No.:SBA 1.13/4:Op 1/

The Home Business Resource Guide. ed. Cheryl Gorder. Tempe, AZ: Blue Bird Pub. c198
9. 144p. HD2336.U5G65 SSRR B&E 89-18205

* Mancuso, Joseph R. Mancuso's Small Business Resource Guide. New York: Prentice Hall 198
8. pp. 45-52; 517-533. HD62.7.M367 1988 SSRR B&E 87-27015

* Morton, Thomas. Financial Letters for the Small Business. New York: Wiley, 199
2. pp. 47-1
12. HF5721.M73 1992 91-39892

Pike, Gene. Profiles in Independence: Starting a Home-Based Business. Valrico, FL: Sherwood Pub., 199
2. pp. 29-62. HD62.5.P55 1992 92-138099

Pratt's Guide to Venture Capital Sources. Wellesley Hills, Mass.: Venture Economics, Inc., 1984 annual. HG65.G83 SSRR B&E 85-644764 Includes an industry preference index as well as a brief guide to preparing a business plan. Has a companion publication 1985- : Guide to European Venture Capital Sources.

Small Business Sourcebook: the Entrepreneur's Resource, ed. Carol A. Schwartz. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 199
3. 2 v. HD2346.U5S66 SSRR B&E 85-644758

For each state, lists small business assistance programs, financing and loan Programs, minority business assistance programs, procurement assistance programs, incubators and research and technology parks, legislative assistance, and consultants. Also includes chapters on "Venture Capital and Other Funding," "Government Assistance, and "Financial Management" which list associations, educational programs, reference works, trade periodicals, videocassettes and audiocassettes, consultants, computerized databases, and research centers.

Work at home opportunities - Tools and Resources